We look at the relationship between meditation achievement
and psychic consciousness in the early stages of study with Tibetan meditation
practitioners in India. We would list many various practices momentarily rather
than provide an in-depth account of each of them since this is a summary to
provide a taste of the culture's psychic rituals. Since there is a scarcity of
literature on Tibet's psychic rituals, much of what follows is focused on
interviews with a variety of individuals. Psychic practitioners are well-known in Tibetan culture, but
there has been no scientific investigation into their methods. Psi is widely
used in Tibetan traditions, with three major places that claim to have ancient
origins. Extrasensory vision, precognition, and psychokinesis are also examples
of parapsychological features of the subconscious. The oracles, which include
god possession, are the oldest Tibetan traditions. The mahasiddhis and a
Tibetan deity named Palden Lhamo are sometimes used in Mo divination.
The attainment of psychic abilities through Buddhist
meditation practice, and a belief in deliberately selected reincarnation,
culminating in tulkus that are classified using a number of psychic practices,
are two fields of more recent beliefs that are mainly related to monastic
societies and stem directly from Buddhism.
Tibetan traditions are a unique blend of original shamanic
Bon beliefs, Buddhism, which arrived in Tibet approximately 1,300 years ago,
and Indian Buddhist tantric traditions, which arrived in Tibet approximately
1,000 years ago. Tibetan tradition's psychic elements date largely from the
pre-Buddhist shamanic era, but they are not inherently anti-Buddhist and have
since been thoroughly introduced by monks into their rituals. There are several
various forms of Buddhism, but Tibetan Buddhism is known for including and
developing psychic powers.
Per culture has its own point of view on the universe.
Exploring a particular world will also allow us to view our own beliefs and
ideas in a new way. Beliefs are an integral part of one's emotional makeup,
which is influenced to a large extent by the society in which one is raised. We
are always unaware of our belief structures until they are pointed out to us or
until we go to an entirely new community where people have very different
views.
Most Tibetans consider the psychic as a normal part of life.
The use of astrology by Tibetans is an example of divination's importance in
daily life. Their calendars list over a dozen different characteristics of each
day, such as whether it is a good day to start a company, get married, have a
funeral, or even throw a party!
Tibetans have a culture of oracles, also
known as kuten, which means "medium." The Dalai Lama and the Tibetan
government consult the Nechung Oracle, who is recognized as the state oracle,
after entering trance and being possessed by a god. The deity then talks
through the medium, offering guidance and prophecy, which is used to make
decisions by people at all levels of society.
The Dalai Lama holds the oracle in high regard, as shown by
the following quote: It has been customary for the Dalai Lama and the
government to meet Nechung during the New Year festivities for hundreds of
years. In addition, he can be contacted at other occasions if either party has
a particular question. For readers of the twenty-first century, this can seem
far-fetched. But we do so for the simple reason that time has shown that the
oracle's response was right on any of the few times when we have posed
questions to him. Surprisingly, the oracle's responses to questions are not
ambiguous.
There are a lot of oracles out there. Many monasteries, as
well as the more traditional village lay oracles, may have their own resident
oracle, who is sometimes a monk. In a series of private interviews, Kirti
Tsenshab Rinpoche revealed the following details about oracles. Kirti Tsenshab
Rinpoche was recommended because he was an expert on Tibetan Buddhism's tantric
facets. We are thankful and fortunate to have had the opportunity to share time
with him—a profoundly holy man.
A successful prophecy is dependent on two factors: the
medium's capacity and the participants' confidence. He thought trust was necessary
and compared this interaction between the medium and the sitter to using a
crutch if you have a bad leg—you need both to walk effectively. Many of the
people we've talked with have emphasized the importance of religion. For
example, the head of the Nyingma sect, Penor Rinpoche, said that the diviner
must have complete faith in the deity, and the questioner must have complete
faith in the diviner, when it comes to divination.
As a result, the sitter must have full confidence in the
medium's skills, and since there are both good and bad mediums, one must verify
their effectiveness over time to build trust in them. He believed that it was
necessary and try and see whether the oracle's divination would be accurate.
Buddhists, he said, are like scientists in that they double-check everything.
He clarified that if you have a precognition, you will improve the certainty of
your intuition by telling a lot of people what they think of it, and that you
can do so.
He advised making ratings for anything, such as a 3- or
6-month prophecy, checking the individual who gave it: are they trustworthy?
What are their ways of expressing themselves? What are their credentials? What
is education? What is the way they dress? Should they have good communication
skills? What is their track record? In a related vein, he claims that we would scrutinize
all. He used the comparison where someone may look joyful or unhappy, but it's
all in their head. He was adamant that our senses can be deceiving, and that
our senses are faulty when we're ill.
The Tibetan tantric teaching that an oracle becomes
possessed by a god because of the wind energy in their channels was also stated
by Kirti Tsenshabe Rinpoche. The channels are analogous to the nadis of the
Yogic tantric tradition, and the wind energy is conceived similarly to prana.
He believes that certain people will see into the future because of past-life
karma linked to their wind energy. This was echoed by several other people we
talked with.
The art of Mo divination is much more general than oracles.
At least one lama who performs Mo divination can be found in almost every
monastery. There are also a lot of lay villagers who "do the Mo."
According to an article in the Tibetan magazine ‘Cho Yang, the object of
divination is to examine a person's life condition to provide advice about how
to answer or cope with it. Remedial behavior, such as rituals, evokes
constructive energies that may lead to a shift in a person's karma. When a
person performs a divination, he or she is dependent on the power bestowed upon
him by a deity.
This strength may have been gained through a past-life bond
with the lord and strengthened through retreats that included reciting a mantra
a million times, comparing himself with the deity with strong focus, and the
generation of spiritual pride. The purpose for performing divination must be
genuine, and the primary goal should be to assist human beings.
This quotation exemplifies the Tibetan practice of combining
shamanic and Buddhist practices. Relation with a god is considered an integral
part of the psychic act, as it is in the beliefs about the oracle, and the
Buddhist teachings of karma and altruistic motivation are stated.
Eleven separate divination methods are mentioned in the Cho
Yang journal paper. Doughball divination is only used by high lamas to assist
in the discovery of a significant reincarnation, so it is seldom used.
Potential candidates' names are drawn on paper and then rolled into a dough
ball. Each candidate's name is placed in an equal-sized ball, with special care
taken to ensure that each ball is similar. These balls are set in a sealed bowl
in front of a holy stone, such as a temple idol, and monks stay in the temple
for three days, reciting prayers day and night.
The cover is withdrawn on the fourth day, and a high lama
rolls the doughballs around in the bowl before one comes out. That's the ball
with the response inside.
This procedure was repeated three times in the case of the
new Panchen Lama, who was imprisoned by the Chinese, and each time the same
name came up. Dice and Mala divination are the most common types of divination.
In Mala divination, the individual carries the mala, which is a string of
prayer beads, with the fingers of each hand randomly picking a bead.
The intervening beads are then counted out three at a time
before only one, two, or three remain, revealing the divination's result. Dice
would be tossed in a similar way, with the diviner breathing on the dice before
casting.
In most cases, three dice are used. The guidance in the
first two types of divination is provided by books that explain what the
various results represent. Odd numbers, for example, are considered lucky when
rolling the dice, whereas even numbers are considered unlucky. The best result
with the mala is three beads. Unlike doughball, dice, and mala divination,
which rely on a "random" occurrence providing a significant
association with the person's query or synchronicity, direct clairvoyance is
used in the next most common method of divination.
Dorje or Lhamo Yudronma, a guardian god, is known for using
mirror divination. The mirror is mounted ceremonially, and ceremonies are done,
as with previous Mo types. The diviner sees the deity's manifestations,
reflections in writings, and letters. When we went to see Amathaba, a lovely
old Tibetan lady who lives in one of the Tibetan settlements in south India,
she saw a misty dawn scene that eventually cleared, and she viewed it as an
initial challenge that would be resolved. To help resolve the challenges, she
suggested asking the local nuns to say special prayers and hang prayer flags.
This is a natural occurrence.
She claims it was a gift she was born with and that it ran
in her blood, with her becoming the seventh person to inherit it. In her
scenario, three mirrors are stacked vertically in a tub of rice. She sees the
deities associated with the divination in two of them, and the actual reading
in the front mirror. She is well-liked in the city, and many people seek her
advice. You peer at the thumbnail and blow on it to receive the image of thumb
nail divination. When the Mo is performed using a mirror or a thumbnail, the
diviner is more likely to see specific symbolic visions, which are then
translated considering the querent's dilemma.
Also in this category come precognitive or clairvoyant
dreams.
These, like most Tibetan methods, are associated with a
certain god. As in mirror divination, various objects are linked to different
objects. We were told about a local woman who sought the advice of a lama, who
advised her to have a dream about her dilemma. That night, the lama even
recorded their own dream. The lama then compared the two visions and made
assumptions, which turned out to be true. Although Kirti Tsenshab Rinpoche
agrees that prophecies will manifest as visions in dreams, he believes this is
less credible because not all dreams are prophecy, and one can never be certain
whether a dream is correctly prophetic.
The querent is usually the one who does the next set of
activities. Until 1959, about 80% of Tibetans were semi-nomadic in some way. As
a result, their procedures are much easier than previous approaches, and the
knowledge needed is mainly whether it is advantageous to perform a particular
operation. Nomads are fond of bootstrap divination. The belts, which are made up
of wide strips of webbing tape, are folded into squares and then yanked apart.
If they separate quickly, it's a good sign; if they tangle, it's called
unfortunate. This method of divination has been described to me by several
people, and it appears to be quite common in Tibet.
Tibetans also notice omens such as seeing certain birds,
hearing certain songs, or hearing people utter auspicious things, all of which
are good. There are a variety of derogatory indicators as well, such as monkey
talk or, more surprisingly, watching a black cat cross your way before
embarking on a trip. It's odd that a black cat has such a mystique in both
Britain and Tibet! Divination may also be done by looking at the fires in a
ceremonial fire or watching a butter lamp.
In this event, the fire god is invoked, and then the blaze
is seen. Various kinds of fire have varying meanings. Apart from the value of
faith, which is often discussed in interviews with diviners, another aspect
that is considered utterly vital is praying to Buddha or a protector deity,
most usually Palden Lhamo, who is Tibet's and divination's main protector
deity.
Palden Lhamo is usually concerned with dice and mala divination.
Many of the diviners we talked with insisted that they are not psychic; rather,
they are the conduit for the god, who guides the roll of the dice, or whatever
form they use, by them. They don't believe themselves to be doing anything more
than facilitating communication between the querent and the deity. According to
Kirti Tsenshab Rinpoche, if your supplication to the lord is fine, then you
will have a good Mo. In addition, having a positive relationship with the god
improves your abilities.
He also claims that those who have a strong belief in
Buddhism are stronger at doing the Mo, and that their ability improves over
time. It's also critical that the diviner's "steam" channels have
been cleansed. Before being found fit to perform Mo divination, one Rinpoche we
spoke with had gone through three months of purification rituals, including
singing deity-specific mantras, prostrations, and pujas. Divination varies from
the most basic "positive or poor luck" omens to finely specialized
clairvoyant talents, and from rituals that anybody may do to those that are
usually practiced only by monks, as this list of various types of practices
shows.
This part of Tibetan psychic tradition is the one that has
the most in common with Buddhist teachings. The shamatha discipline of
one-pointed emphasis and the vipassana discipline of contemplative insight are
the two meditation disciplines of Buddhism. The development of shamatha
calm-abiding, or mental quiescence, is regarded as a necessary first step. Many
traditional Mahayana and modern Tibetan Buddhist scriptures, as well as Yogic
teachings, connect meditation attainment to the creation of psychic forces.
Since Buddhist clairvoyancy requires what we term miraculous
forces, it seems that this "clairvoyancy" is more like what we might
call omniscience in the West, rather than the clairvoyance we study in
parapsychology. Traditional Buddhist scriptures speak of the six super
knowledges gained by concentration perfection and make it clear that practicing
concentration meditation leads to both enlightenment and psychic consciousness,
and that one cannot exist without the other. In interviews with various monks,
it was repeatedly emphasized that only a small number of individuals achieve
samadhi and clairvoyant powers, and that clairvoyance is only 80 percent
accurate.
Only absolute enlightenment leads to omniscience. Not
everyone who meditates will achieve samadhi, and not everyone who meditates
will develop psychic abilities. To put it another way, there is a genius for
enlightenment, a genius for yoga, and a genius for psychic consciousness. While
we can all learn something, not everyone is gifted. Just a few people are
gifted with genius.
A new study conducted at a yoga ashram and with Tibetan
Buddhist monks found that those who had practiced meditation for longer periods
of time, tested by an image examination for precognition and clairvoyance, did
appear to have more accurate psychic knowledge. However, since this study is
still in its early stages, the teachings can only be considered
"suggestively verified" at this time. The yoga studies have been
published, while the first Buddhist thesis was discussed at a conference and
sent to a journal but has yet to be published.
Many cultures seem to have certain apprehensions about
psychic phenomena. In most civilizations, we hear accounts about paranormal powers
being used for derogatory ends, and Tibetan culture, in an obvious
contradiction, is no exception. Tibetan culture, as previously said, is still
very similar to its shamanic origins. Shamanic civilizations embrace psychic
phenomena as a natural fact of life. The wonder and terror that accompany
psychic phenomena are very visible in shamanic societies.
Demons, and the apprehension of
them, seem to be widespread in Tibet. Disease, for example, is often believed
to be caused by a bad spirit among Tibetans. Someone became sick after a tree
in the garden was chopped down, according to legend, and this was linked to the
tree's spirit. This is a traditional shamanic notion. Sickness is often linked
to a sorcerer who, at someone's invitation, sends an evil spirit, or curse.
This isn't to suggest that
shamans only use their psychic powers for worse, but it is to say that they
have been used in this manner often enough for people to grow a mistrust of
them. Milarepa's legends, in which he is said to have killed many people at a
distance, exemplify the fear of "evil" sorcery and the illusion that
people would commit such atrocities. People talking about the individual
"mikha- suk" also created a belief in illness.
In Western culture, this is
referred to as the "evil eye," and it refers to damage caused by
undue acclaim for some sort of achievement or accomplishment, such as
possessing a particularly attractive item or a freshly constructed house that
has become the talk of the town. This is thought to be especially dangerous for
very young children, who need special care.
There is also the apprehension of
a spirit known as a "disa," which means "smell-eater,"
which is a captured spirit that runs after food and is said to be pleased by
the sheer smell of the food put for it. There is a perception that a spirit may
inhabit a living person or a dead person, and that the spirit is always trapped
inside an object that once belonged to that person. An amulet is a necklace
worn around one's neck to ward off evil or damage. It's always used to keep you
safe from damage you don't know about. A "ga'u," a kind of amulet, is
a small silver casket that holds relics, images of holy people, and other
objects. Tibetans sometimes wear a ga'u under their coat.
And, of course, the classic case
of a guy using a charm to seduce a young person! We found it fascinating that
in our interviews with Kirti Tsenshab Rinpoche, he repeatedly emphasized the
role of Buddhism in building a moral sphere in which psychic powers could be
used. In several respects, Buddhism is being firmly developed to morally “move
on” from some of the issues that arise in shamanic cultures.
One concern is that when
discussing psychic phenomena, you can draw a spirit, which may or may not be
helpful. There is a belief, for example, that when you are possessed by a
demon, such as the oracles, you stop evolving at the level of the spirit who
owns you—or you simply stop developing. Tibetans believe that all ghosts have
the potential to hurt us. Many legends exist of a kind of ghost known as
"hungry ghosts," as well as others that would draw you to your death.
When doing Mo divination, Kirti Tsenshab Rinpoche advised being wary of ghostly
obstacles.
They, or other creatures, have
the power to hinder and hurt us. He believes that prayer to the guardian god at
the start of the divination, good karma, and merit provide us with protection.
He further claims that personal growth can be divided into two paths: going
into the unconscious and going for super-consciousness. Psi powers, such as
oracular trance, dreams, or hypnosis, are usually associated with the former,
while spiritual growth is associated with the latter. Spirit communication, as practiced
by mediums, is inextricably linked to the unconscious nature of consciousness.
For Tibetans, this is a
complicated and paradoxical topic since, as Buddhists, high lamas perform Mo
divination on the behalf of people who come to them for various purposes. They
also do tulku identity divination. There are also several oracles, some of
which are formal state oracles. As a result, psi is practiced all over the
world. The need for defense, as well as the existence of unethical
practitioners, is recognized, but there is no prohibition on practicing.
Tibetans, according to our translators, are very pleased with this obvious
inconsistency.
The fear of unethical psi use is
a very visible surface fear; the fear of pride is a more nuanced fear. It is
considered impolite in the Indian subcontinent and among Tibetans to pay some
particular attention to psi. Psychic powers are believed to have a negative
impact on one's spiritual development. It is emphasized that having achieved
Enlightenment, one is no longer troubled psychologically by the acquisition of
psychic abilities, while psychic abilities are very tricky by unenlightened
individuals, and are synonymous with deceit, glamour, and vanity.
His Holiness is a saint. In his
book Freedom in Exile, the Dalai Lama shares a need for Western science to
experiment. When we met with Geshe Samten, the director of the Sarnath
Institute, he told me that, while Tibet has a long history of psychic ability,
even those who have a reputation for psychic knowledge will doubt their
abilities. He claims that claiming to be psychic or “showing off” your ability
is frowned upon.
There must be a real reason for practicing
paranormal abilities. Even claiming to have completed a certain stage of
meditation is seen as a roadblock on the way to enlightenment. Humility is
thought to be necessary for spiritual growth. The Dalai Lama, for example, has
stated several times that he is a plain monk who is not clairvoyant.
Since these are hidden teachings,
Tibetans have a history of not speaking about them. The Dalai Lama, for
example, writes about Herbert Benson's work with Tum-mo meditators: We agreed
to let him go ahead, despite our reservations, because we believe in the
importance of modern science. We were aware that many Tibetans were opposed to
the proposal. They believed that since the activities in question are based on
hidden teachings, they should be kept secret.
Tibetan monks and nuns who use
methods that are believed to be linked to the creation of psychic knowledge
swear not to talk about their activity or disclose their skills. Practitioners
first take their vows, after which they prepare and exercise. This avoidance of
recognizing one's psychic powers, which are thought to manifest at one stage of
spiritual maturity on the way, is a tacit awareness of psi and its expression
from which we could benefit.
Another part of the psychic's
apprehension is the realization that authority corrupts, and that attractive
psychic powers are seen as extremely strong. It is true that such psychic
faculties capable of a worldly use, such as the Dibba-cakkhu or clairvoyance, Dibba-
sota or clairaudience, Mano-Maya-Kaya or projection of the'astral body' and
other paranormal forces, are established in the course of Buddhist meditation,
according to Francis Story in an introduction to a book on early Buddhist Pali
Canon. The Buddha and the Arhats had those abilities, which they used when
necessary to help the ignorant who requested "signs and wonders."
However, the Buddha mostly
despised their use, choosing to disseminate the Dhamma through the
"miracle of teaching" and the self-propagating force of reality. They
can become attachment-forming faculties in those that are not yet completely
emancipated from earthly illusion, and as such must be defended against and
conquered in the fight for Nibbanna. According to Buddhism, anybody who engages
in concentration activities to gain supernormal powers or Iddhi is doing so
with the wrong intention and putting himself in grave danger. If any authority
corrupts, supernormal power has the potential to corrupt much further. This is
a very real fear, and we're confident that most people will recall instances of
this aspect of human life.
Not claiming to have powers you
don't have is one of the Buddhist precepts. As previously mentioned, in our
conversations with Kirti Rinpoche, he often mentioned confirming that the
practitioner is not a charlatan, for example while discussing oracles. He also
said that it is important to examine the psychic practitioner's appearances:
"Don't be fooled by appearances; look at what is actually being taught."
He emphasized the importance of examining the essence rather than the
appearance. He used the metaphor of a poem to caution people against being
fooled by pretty words. What is it about psychic powers that fascinates us so
much?
Why do we revere those who have
them too easily? This is the source of both the phony psi and the ego
glorification that people feel while displaying psychic abilities.
This is just the start, a
glimpsing of a vast and complicated society and its common ideas about the
psychic world. His Holiness the Dalai Lama is promoting scientific research
into this subject, which we find fascinating. And he's doing so while well
mindful of the challenges.
The peril in linking divine
conviction to some empirical theory. This isn't to suggest that we believe the
oracle and monks' ability to withstand nights spent outside in subzero
temperatures are proof of supernatural abilities. Many who argue that Tibetan
approval of these phenomena demonstrates our backwardness and barbarism will
find me disagreeable. This is not an empirical attitude, except from the most
detailed scientific standpoint.
However, just because a theory is
agreed does not mean that anything associated with it is right. When coping
with subjects about which we have no knowledge, extreme caution must always be
exercised. This is where science can help, of course. After all, we just think
something enigmatic because we don't get it. We also created methods to do
things that science cannot yet fully understand by mental conditioning. This,
then, is the foundation of Tibetan Buddhism's alleged "magic and
mystery."
Ignorance is a significant roadblock. The aim of the
empirical method is “truth.” Is it possible to avoid falling into the pitfalls
that accompany the creation and use of psychic abilities if one has a thorough
understanding of the psi process? I believe it does, and I believe this is one
of the most compelling explanations for conducting parapsychological research
in Tibetan culture.
