("black face") Extinct monastic group whose members were Shiva worshipers (bhakta) and whose name may relate to their habit of leaving a black stripe on their heads.
Their philosophies and practices are mostly unknown.
While the Kapalikas, another extinct Shaivite ascetic
community, have modern literary allusions, the Kalamukhas have only a set of
inscriptions.
The Kalamukhas were most powerful in Karnataka, but they
were also found in other southern Indian states, according to these
inscriptions.
Between the ninth through twelfth centuries, they thrived.
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