Showing posts sorted by relevance for query cosmos. Sort by date Show all posts
Showing posts sorted by relevance for query cosmos. Sort by date Show all posts

Hinduism - Who Is Lord Vishnu In The Hindu Pantheon?

 


Vishnu meaning the “all-pervasive” in Sanskrit, is one among the three most powerful deities in the Hindu pantheon, with Brahma, Shiva and the Goddess.

All three are significant for being largely unmentioned in the Vedas, the oldest Hindu religious books, and their rise, as well as the progressive eclipse of the Vedic gods, indicates a marked change in Hindu religious life.

Vishnu is the one who appears most often in the Vedas among the three.

Many hymns that mention him refer to him as a helper to Indra, the major Vedic deity, and one of Vishnu's epithets is Upendra ("junior Indra").

He also appears as an autonomous actor in certain late hymns, linked with wonderful works for the benefit of the cosmos, such as measuring out the universe in three steps.

Vishnu is also linked to the sun, both in terms of his ability to travel through the skies and his ability to fall on (and therefore "observe") everything.

Vishnu is the sustainer or maintainer of the universe, according to the holy trinity of Brahma Vishnu-Shiva.

Vishnu is pictured reclining on the back of his serpent couch, Shesha, in the primordial ocean at the moment of cosmic disintegration in one of the most prominent creation myths (pralaya).

Vishnu's navel produces a lotus, which opens to reveal Brahma, the creator, who starts the creation process.

When the time comes for disintegration, the whole process reverses, and the cosmos is pulled back into Vishnu, who is therefore considered as the source of everything.

The cosmos is also sustained by Vishnu's avatars or incarnations, who come into the world to restore balance to a universe that has been dangerously out of balance, generally as a result of an out of proportionally powerful demon.

There are 10 avatars as far as we know.

The Fish avatar, Tortoise avatar, Boar avatar, and Man-Lion avatar are the first four in nonhuman forms.

The other six are in human form, frequently as sages or heroes: Vamana avatar, Parashuram avatar, Rama avatar, Krishna avatar, Buddha avatar, and Kalki avatar.

In each of these instances, Vishnu takes on a physical form in order to avoid tragedy and preserve the cosmos' purity.

The theory of the avatars served as a means of assimilating existing deities into the broader pantheon while still granting them distinct status.

Although most of the avatars are no longer objects of devotion (the Boar and Man-Lion avatars each had a significant following early in the common period), Rama and Krishna's adoration has entirely exceeded that of Vishnu himself in most of northern India.

Vishnu is still revered throughout southern India, especially among Shrivaishnavas.

Apart from the avatar idea, notable local deities like as Jagannath, Venkateshvara, and Vithoba have all been absorbed into the pantheon as manifestations of Vishnu.

Vaishnavas and Shaivas established sectarian rivalry in medieval Hinduism, both claiming supremacy over their own deities (Vishnu and Shiva).

Despite the fact that Vaishnavas see Vishnu as the universe's highest force, his legendary persona and activities are vastly different from Shiva's.

Vishnu's headgear is a crown, and his persona is that of an all-ruling monarch, but Shiva is linked with ascetic life and practices (tapas) and hence with the religious force created by such acts.

Vishnu frequently succeeds by guile, ingenuity, and deceit, but Shiva eliminates his mythological enemies with sheer might, which is devoid of any finesse.

Each deity's followers recognize their divinity as the supreme force in the cosmos, from which all other gods get their power, and both are portrayed as kind and caring to their worshippers (bhakta).


Kiran Atma


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Hinduism - What Is Cosmology In Hindu Culture?

 




Cosmology. 


 There is no one cosmology in Hindu culture; rather, there are many distinct systems, each of which is well-established in its own right. 

The earliest model, known as the Purusha Sukta (“Hymn to the Primeval Man”), is found in the Rg Veda (10.90), the oldest Hindu sacred book. 

The earth and all living creatures were created as a consequence of the primordial man's sacrifice, according to this hymn (purusha). 

Different portions of his body morph into various elements of the physical world and conventional social groupings. 

Another Vedic metaphor is the Golden Embryo, which is the only thing that exists until it matures into Prajapati, the universe's creator. 

The Cosmic Egg is a third form found in later religious writings known as puranas, which are collections of mythology and legend. 

The Cosmic Egg, according to this picture, once housed the whole cosmos. 

The egg's component parts (shell, white, yolk, and membranes) become all of the earth's objects once cracked. 

The last and probably most well-known cosmological picture from the puranas is the deity Vishnu floating in the sea of cosmic dissolution (pralaya), resting on the back of his snake couch, Shesha. 

When the moment comes for creation, a lotus grows from Vishnu's navel and opens, revealing the deity Brahma, who begins the process. 

When the cosmic disintegration begins, Brahma is reabsorbed into Vishnu's body, and the process is reversed. 

Regardless of their symbols, all of these theories share the belief that the universe originated from a single source and that the whole cosmos is therefore an organic whole. 

Although there are many theories for the universe' genesis, there is more consensus on its geography. 

The cosmos is said to be divided into three tiers, each of which may have many layers. 

The visible world is the intermediate layer, wedged between the upper world's heavens (sometimes counted as seven) and the underworld's kingdoms. 

Some of the lesser worlds are regarded hells, while others are just considered other planes of existence. 

The visible world is frequently depicted as a series of concentric landmasses (dvipas) divided by seven seas (the saptasindhu), each of which is made up of a different material. 

Jambudvipa, the innermost of these landmasses, is centered on the legendary Mount Meru, which is frequently mistaken for Mount Kailas in the Himalayas. 

Mount Meru is likened to the central calyx of a lotus in ancient cosmology, since it sits at the heart of the cosmos. 

Mountain ranges encircle Mount Meru, having a distinct area in each of the cardinal directions. 

The area known as Bharata, the old name for the Indian subcontinent, is located south of Mount Meru. 

Bharata is considered to be better to the other three Jambudvipa areas since religious rites are only done properly in Bharata. 

As a result of its mythological geography, India is regarded as the center of the world and the ideal location to dwell if one want to pursue holy life. 

Classical Hindu Mythology, edited by Cornelia Dimmitt and J. A. B. van Buitenen, was published in 1978. 

Also see cosmic time. 


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Hinduism - ADVAITA





What Is Advaita?

Non-duality or 'not two-ness' is the literal translation.

One of the primary schools of Vedanta, Advaita, advocates a philosophical perspective. 


It is the concept that multiplicity is, in the end, the manifestation of a non-dual reality.

This philosophical stance is sometimes referred to as monism in the West (the belief that reality is one), but the meaning of 'non-duality' in a Hindu context is more nuanced, because it does not involve the postulation of even a single entity, because 'Being' (sat) is said to be beyond all signification, including the postulation of a One.


The non-dual principle of reality underpins the cosmos, yet it is not an entity in the same way that the many objects and entities do.

It is the foundation of their existence.

Furthermore, labeling such schools as monistic is difficult since they often preserve a multi-leveled definition of truth that does not necessitate rejecting the existence of plurality.

The idea is that the ontological substratum that permits such creatures to appear is fundamentally a non-dual principle of being.


The Upanisads include the oldest explicit exposition of non dualist notions, with Brahman as the basic substrate of existence from which the cosmos is believed to originate.

Early Upanisads, such as the Chandogya, compare the connection between Brahman and each individual being's basic self (Atman) to the mixing of salt and water in salty water.

The water tastes like salt that can't be seen, and the difference between the two is undetectable, just as Brahman can't be seen yet permeates the whole cosmos.

'You are That,' the sage concludes (tat-tvam-asi, Chandogya Upanis.ad 6.10.3).

Numerous schools evolved in response to the primary topic of the link between the individual ego and Brahman, the substance of the cosmos, as a result of various efforts to construct a systematic philosophical interpretation of such passages in the Upanisads (veda-anta or 'end of the vedas').


The difference-non-difference school, dualists (who claimed a clear ontological split between the two), qualified non dualists, and non-dualist interpretation were among them.

The Mandukya Karika (also known as the Agamasastra or the Gaudapada Karika) is the earliest unambiguous explanation of Advaitaphilosophy.

It was presumably written about the sixth century of the Common Era.

Sankara, however, is the most well-known Advaita proponent (eighth century CE).


The universe of plurality, according to believers of the Sankarite view, is ultimately nothing more than a magical illusion (Maya).

The specific nature of this illusion was the topic of much debate (and opposing schools' contention), but the general consensus was that maya is unexplainable, being neither completely existing nor non-existent.

The key to grasping this concept is to recognize that there are two degrees of truth for Sankara: ultimate truth (where the non-dual Brahman is the solitary reality) and daily, practical truth (where a variety of diverse things exist).

Maya is a cosmic illusion, but it is not a mental delusion (as in a hallucination or a dream), not least because the concept of an individual self (jivatman) is ultimately illusory from the standpoint of ultimate truth.

The world of waking awareness is not a subjective deception, according to Sankara; it exists and acts on a practical plane of reality.

This universe is unreal in and of itself, but real in the sense that it is identical to Brahman, the source of all existence.

According to Sankara, avidya - metaphysical ignorance – is the root of the universe's seeming manifestation, which is basically our ignorance of the reality that everything is Brahman.

At the individual level, this entails projecting categories or 'adjuncts' derived from previously acquired experiences (including those from prior incarnations) onto the non-dual reality, causing it to look as something it is not.

Sankara utilizes the well-known example of the rope and the snake to convey his point.

In low light, a rope might resemble a snake.

We think we're looking at a snake, but it's only a rope.

We can realize the error that was committed in daylight (that is, with the benefit of knowledge) and no longer project the image of a snake onto the rope.

Similarly, Brahman is the source of all things, but we misinterpret it as distinct objects due to our inability to transcend our ignorance of reality's actual nature.

Sankara's interpretation of Advaita, on the other hand, is far from the sole kind of nondualism found in Hindu traditions.

The Bhagavata Purana (c. eleventh century CE) is centered on the playful figure of Krishna and mixes non-dualistic notions with Vaisnava devotionalism (bhakti).

Non-dualistic philosophies may also be found within the many Saivite movements.

The Pratyabhijna or Recognition School, which is commonly connected with Kashmir but also exists elsewhere, is notable for its clear rejection of Sankara's notion of maya's illumination.

The world is real, according to this school, since it is a vibration (spanda) of Siva's dynamic and creative awareness.

Later works, such as Vasistha's highly poetic Yoga Teachings (Yogavasistha), synthesize themes and concepts from a variety of non-dualist schools (including Buddhist ones), but with a clear orientation towards Vedantic interpretations.

Interest in Sankara's philosophy by various Western Orientalists and Hindu reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries helped to establish non-dualist ideas as important sources. 

Many of the key intellectual figures and gurus of Hinduism in the modern period, including Ramakrishna, his disciple Swami Vivekananda, SarvepalliRadhakrishnan, Ramana Maharshi, Nisargadatta Raj, Sri Aurobindo, and, to a lesser extent, Mahatma Gandhi, advocate non-dualism as a central aspect of their teaching.

Swami Vivekananda, perhaps more than anyone else, was responsible for catching the imagination of Hindus and Westerners alike with his promotion of non-dual ism as Hinduism's basic doctrine and 'spirituality' as the distinguishing quality of Hindu devotion.


~Kiran Atma


See also: 

Atman, Bhakti, Brahman, Buddhism's relationship with Hinduism, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi,Aurobindo Ghose, Modern and contemporary Hinduism, Kashmiri Saivism, Krishna, Maya, Puranas, Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan,Sri Ramakrishna, Ramana Maharshi,Saivism, Sankara, Siva, Upanisads, Vaisnavism, Vedanta, Swami Vivekananda,Yogavasistha


References And Further reading:

King, Richard. 1999. Indian Philosophy: An Introduction to Hindu and Buddhist Thought. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Ram-Prasad, C. 1991. An Outline of Indian Non-realism: Some Central Arguments of Advaita Metaphysics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sharma, A. 1993. The Experimental Dimension of Advaita Vedanta. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.




Cosmic Consciousness by Kundalini Yoga



The holy Himalaya, from wherest daughter Ganges has its source, in the mountains where Shiva Mahadeva, the snowy king was born. The peaks rising high above humanity are his Earthly abode, and the place his wife, Parvati, considers Her home. 

The holiest spot (kshetra), the Pilgrims have traveled there since the beginning of time to meet and circumambulate (parikrama) Mount Kailasha (Kang Rinpoche), where Lord Shiva lives. The holy Mansarovar Lake is to the north-west of this noble mountain (Mapham Yum-tso). Shiva's paradise has been characterized as a land "resplendent with females, with lasting fragrances of all season's flowers, fanned by cool breezes, shadowed by the still shade of stately trees,... where troops of apsaras sing with madden passion."  

It is said that whoever contemplates Shiva's abode in the Himalaya is better than whoever worships Shiva in Kashi. This is the pilgrimage's destination, as well as the scene and location of the discovery of several holy scriptures known as Tantras, in which Parvati normally asks Shiva questions regarding the purpose and road to salvation.

However, there are various types of divine force and directions to sacred action and revelation in Hindu thought. As a result, the Tantric revelation holds that paying obeisance to Shiva and his consort does not require a trip to the actual peaks of the Himalaya or to Kailasha. All Tantras, whether Shaiva or Shakta, insist that a trip to Mount Kailasha is unnecessary, if not useless, since his mystic and symbolic abode is to be found in the thousand-petalled lotus, the Sahasrara-chakra, in the seeker's subtle or divine form. This abode is known as the shivasthana, the location where Shiva resides eternally and where all Yoga and meditation seekers are welcomed.

Tantra practitioners take a daily path as part of their devotion. An inner journey into the still-yet-vibrating center of cosmic consciousness in the subtle body is imperative and mandatory for the Tantric path seeker, even though an external journey to a pilgrimage center is taken. Although all schools of Indie religion talk of the divinity of the body, the Tantras articulate it in its most complete and structured form. A devotee who abandons the divinity that resides inside his body to worship that which resides beyond his body is likened to a person who abandons his home's riches and wanders as a beggar asking for alms.



The Cosmos of the Body




Immutability is a Hindu concept, whereas the celestial divine body is a Buddhist concept. Tantras have a physical form. They thought they were wonderful and had attained enlightenment. They say there is a "etheric double" in addition to the gross or material body, which is subject to degradation and death. The subtle body (sukshama-sharira), also known as a sacred body (divya-deha), or a pure body (siddha-deha), is unveiled, tamed, energised, and sublimated during an arduous Tantra-yoga process for the attainment of consciousness unity. The subtle body is free of defilement and exists independently of the cosmos' spatio-temporal matrix. The pure category of the universe is inextricably bound to this subtle entity. It is associated with the union of the male and female principles, Shiva and Shakti, and serves as a purified dynamic powerhouse for the evolution of the universe across ever subtler planes of universal consciousness. According to the Tantras, awakening the sacred potency of the subtle body does not simply result in the possession of spiritual strength (siddhi). It has the ability to change the body's very substance over time.

Human ascension to a superconscious state of consciousness, according to the Tantras, entails embodying the whole universe. A state of enlightenment, a shift in influence from the human world to the realm of cosmic consciousness. The body is seen as condensing the whole universe through this comocization. The citadel of the heart has been thought to be the sacred center among us since ancient times. The Chandogya Upanisad is where the concept of divinity-in-the-heart first appeared (VII, 1,1-3)


The heart is located within the city of Brahman, which is the flesh, and within the heart is a small dwelling. This house is shaped like a lotus, and it contains all that should be searched for, enquired about, and realized.

So, what is this lotus of the heart that resides within this house?

The cosmos within the lotus of the heart is as vast as the universe beyond. Heaven and earth, the sun, the moon, lightning, and all the stars are all included within it. Anything that exists in the macrocosm exists in this microcosm.

The lotus of the heart does not age, despite the fact that the body does. It does not perish as the body perishes. The true city of Brahman is the lotus of the heart, where Brahman resides in all his glory, not the body. 

The heart of the Supreme Principle, symbolized by the lotus, is the true city of the Supreme Principle, untainted by the mundane realities of everyday life. Later on, this idea was massively extended and developed.

Tantras and medieval Yoga-Upanisads include a formal paradigm of the microcosm, with lotuses serving as psychic centers of consciousness and self-realization. The micro-macro hypothesis of body universe is the scientific term for this. The divine or subtle body may be visualized in a variety of ways. The holy geography of India's terrain inspired one of the most convincing pictures to explain the correspondence and equivalence between the macrocosm and the microcosm. The Shiva Samhita paints a vivid picture of the divine self's sacred geography, in which the body reflects the sacred land's landscape:

Mount Meru is encircled by the seven continents in your body; rivers, seas, mountains, plains, and gods of the fields are also present. It contains priests, nuns, pilgrimage sites, and the deities that preside over them.

There are stars, planets, and the sun and moon; there are also the two celestial forces; that which kills, and that which creates; and all of the elements; ether, air, and fire, water, and earth. Yes, all that exists in the three realms is contained within your body.


All of the Yogis are doing their specified tasks around Mount Meru, but only the one who understands this is considered a real Yogi. In a related vein, the Shaktananda Tarangini (Chapter l,39ff) depicts the nine planets, twelve zodiac signs, fourteen cosmos planes, seven mountains, seven oceans, and seven islands circling Mount Meru, the Universe's central axis, as forming the framework of the body cosmos. There is a subtle body or celestial body within this outer shell that represents all the stars, planets, astral planes, and elements like a mirror reflects the natural universe. Whatever powers rule the external universe, the inner cosmos is governed by the same rules.

These are basically poetic representations of God's flesh. The Tantras vividly depict alternative maps of the subtle body that embodies the universe. According to the Tantrikas, we do not perceive our mind as anything apart from our body, like an outer garment, since it corresponds to and is the most personal extension of the Universe. 6 Since the subtle body is regarded as a miniature universe, its arrangement presupposes an inextricable connection with Tantra's ontology and worldview.

The Supreme Truth, according to Tantric philosophy, is self-luminous— pure consciousness, absolute, and all-pervasive. In its descent to manifestation, this consciousness polarizes as fire. In a religious level, Shiva, the static male principle, represents this consciousness. Shakti, his power, is associated with the feminine principle.

Shiva and Shakti are also at the heart of life. Shakti is a complex and active form of consciousness. During evolution, the Shakti philosophy completes itself and produces the realm of materiality, which is manifested in a variety of universe categories, including cognitive faculties, senses, their things, and the five elements. The map of the delicate body represents both of these types. Any form in the universe is a manifestation of consciousness (ctl).

The person loses sight of the unity of cosmic consciousness and lives with a false sense of self as a result of the veiling of shakti. Devi Kundalini, or the Coiled One, is the Shakti philosophy of the universe in the delicate body, conceived as an eternal pool of electricity (Shakti). Kundalini is depicted as a sleeping snake in her unmanifest, latent form. Muladhara, the 'root reinforcement' chakra, is found between the anus and the genitals, and is coiled in three-and-a-half circles along the central axis at the base of the spine. The act of resting

Kundalini Shakti is as subtle as a perfect lotus-stalk fibre and as vivid as a bolt of lightning. The microcosm is akin to an electric battery in which this cosmic force is stored in a dormant state. When this force is not channeled in a systematic manner, it either withers away or manifests in a small way.

Kundalini is the spirit that lies at the heart of all life in its broadest sense. It is the source of all forces, qualities, and life forms that this world will take. The energy in the gross form of a normal human is inert, since it does not vibrate or revolve. That it "knots" together our differentiated and dualising mind, which empowers us with a distorted sense of egohood, it lays inert in tangles. These knots are shown in three planes around the body's central axis. They are the results of our previous deeds (samskaras), dooming us to a life of deception.

They block Kundalini Shakti's complete and unrestricted movement. The ultimate aim of the cosmic awareness inner quest is to rediscover one's veiled cosmic existence. To get the goddess Kundalini up to the highest level of consciousness. This is thought to be the home of the para-bindu, the ultimate locus of the universe's seed.


Kundalini Shakti is as subtle as a perfect lotus-stalk fibre and as vivid as a bolt of lightning. The microcosm is akin to an electric battery in which this cosmic force is stored in a dormant state. When this force is not channeled in a systematic manner, it either withers away or manifests in a small way.

Kundalini is the spirit that lies at the heart of all life in its broadest sense. It is the source of all forces, qualities, and life forms that this world will take.

The energy in the gross form of a normal human is inert, since it does not vibrate or revolve. That it "knots" together our differentiated and dualising mind, which empowers us with a distorted sense of egohood, it lays inert in tangles. These knots are shown in three planes around the body's central axis. They are the results of our previous deeds (samskaras), dooming us to a life of deception.

They block Kundalini Shakti's complete and unrestricted movement. The ultimate aim of the cosmic awareness inner quest is to rediscover one's veiled cosmic existence. To get the goddess Kundalini up to the highest level of consciousness. This is thought to be the home of the para-bindu, the ultimate locus of the universe's seed.

Kundalini, in a microcosmic context, is the root of the two most vital currents that control life. The first is Prana, or essential energy, which is present in all of us as air, life, or a source of energy.

The second is virya or ojas1, a virile vitality that encourages all forms of artistic expression and mystic unfoldment. The awakened Kundalini is felt as a current, kinetic, and effulgent rising up the subtle channel, the Sushumna-nadi, at the crown of the head, the abode of Shiva, the Absolute as Pure Consciousness, in its manifest state (rif).

Shiva and Shakti are thus found at diametrically opposed points that are linked by the body-cosmos' central axis.

Numerous etheric pathways and vortices make up the subtle body (chakras). While the details of their arrangement and symbolism may differ from one school to the next, there is a universal model. 8 In the microcosm, there are three key subtle pathways. The most notable, the Sushumna-nadi, the body-cosmos' central axis, is flanked on the right by a lunar line, Ida, which represents the female principle, and on the left by the solar channel, Pingala, which represents the male principle. From the base of the spine, two waves of energy flow from Ida and Pingala, spiraling in opposing directions around the Sushumna, which reaches them between the eyebrows. They then split up into two groups.


Both the left and right nostrils are involved. Yoga entails bringing these two slight currents together in the Sushumna, the median tube.

The subtle body simply maps one's divine path from the stage of material life to the final state of beatitude.





Each of the psychic vortices refers to one of the stages of this yogic path. The microcosm's inner map is made up of seven psychic vortices depicted as circuits (chakras) or lotuses. They are spaced around the Sushumna, the subtle body's vertical axis, which corresponds to the spinal column's line from the base to the crown of the head. In Kundalini yoga, the seven main points of influence in the subtle body (according to Hindu tradition) serve as yantras for inner meditative experience. Geometrical figures, such as wheels (chakras) or lotuses, are used to represent them. They are arranged on the Sushumna, the subtle body's vertical axis, which approximately corresponds to the spinal column and cortex. Each chakra is identified with a sound sensation, aspect, color, deity, animal image, and category of the universe, since these chakras encompass the whole psycho-cosmos.

The Muladhara (root) Chakra is located at the base of the spine and is the first chakra. It serves as a focal point for the psychic body's powers. A square with an inverted triangle is one of its symbols. The snake-symbol of the latent microcosmic form of energy, Devi Kundalini, is coiled around a linga icon in the center of this yantra. It is governed by the element earth, and its seed motto is Lam.

Svadishthana Chakra is located behind the genitals. It's a vermilion color. It takes the shape of a circle with six petals and a white crescent moon in the middle. The mantra of the water factor Vam is inscribed in the middle.

The navel center, Manipura Chakra, is ruled by the element fire. It is pictured as a ten-petal lotus. A red triangle with three swastika symbols appears inside the lotus (T-shaped). Am is the seed mantra.

The fourth, Anahata Chakra, is found in the heart level and is shaped like a lotus with twelve petals and a hexagon in the middle. The Anahata Chakra is the seat of the air elements, and it is a key revealer of celestial sound in meditation. Yam is the seed mantra.

The Vishuddhi Chakra is located at the level of the throat and is the fifth chakra. It has a smoky purple color to it. A sixteen-petaled lotus with a downward-pointing triangle is the symbol. The symbol of the ether element, represented by a circle, is in the middle. Ham is the seed mantra.

Ajna, the sixth chakra, is situated between the brows and is in charge of different stages of meditation. A shell with two petals and an inverted triangle bearing a linga emblem is the symbol. Om, the primordial vibration, is the seed mantra.

The pinnacle of yogic practice, the seat of the Absolute, is represented by the seventh chakra, Sahasrara Chakra (Shiva-Shakti). Four fingers' width above the top of the head is how it's visualized. It is symbolized by a thousand-petalled inverted lotus, which symbolically rains divine radiance on the subtle body. The Sahasrara is colorless since it neutralizes all colors and sounds.

There are 50 lotus petals from the root center to the center of the brows, corresponding to the letters of the alphabet (matrika) inscribed on the petals. These are the divisions that make up the universe and reflect Vaikhari vak's gross state. Each chakra has its own distinct image, which is associated with a god, animal symbol, mantra, color, rank, and universe plane (see Figure 1). This intricate symbolism depicts the Goddess Kundalini as the microcosm and forms the inner map of the body universe. 9

The five psychic sheaths of the human body are all attached to these chakras: the Muladhara, Svadhishthana, and Manipura are associated with the visible or corporeal sheath, the Annamaya-kosha. The Pranamaya-kosha, or essential energy sheath, is connected to the Anahata and Vishuddhi-chakras, which manifest in air and ether. The Ajna-chakra represents the third sheath, Manomaya, the emotional sheath, and Vijnanamaya, the intelligence sheath. Finally, the Anandamaya kosa, or happiness body, is connected to pure consciousness, which is housed in the Sahasrara-chakra.

Awareness and meditation (jnanadhyanaprakasah) expose these internal chakras, which mark the stages of the Kundalini Shakti's spiritual journey. They embody the seven ascension planes and provide the internal structure by which the adorer works out his universe unification. The subtle body scheme also acts as a framework for reciprocal correspondences between the body universes' internal layers and the cosmos' exterior planes.


In the Subtle Body, the Path and Goal of Cosmic Consciousness



Internal waystation markers and mirrored yogic mark symbolically unique journey phases as subtle-channels in the to evolution wholeness and lotus of consciousness. The body currents of crucial breath serve as the vehicle for the yogic journey. They quickly pass through the Ida, Pingala, and Sushumna delicate pathways of the body universe to join with Shiva at the crown of the head.

These psychic sources have been likened to the Ganga, Yamuna, and Sarasvati rivers. And their meeting (triveni) in Prayag, Uttar Pradesh, is symbolically depicted in the Ajna Chakra, in the center between the eye brows, to signify that the worshipper's delicate body contains the greatest holy center. The Ajna Chakra is where certain yoga schools start the meditative path. They conclude that the adept must purify his cognitions and the dross of the dualising mind at the confluence of the three channels before beginning the awakening of the energy. It is the confluence of the three holy rivers, symbolically, and it is here that the original purification takes place before the journey.

In the same way as a pilgrim is guided by the holy scenery, an inward psychic path is guided by the psychic centers symbolized by the lotuses.

The Kundalini Shakti ascends like a blazing snake on her way, bursting through vortices and untying psychic blockages that lie in the direction of the Sushumna, the subtle body's central axis. Ascension (aroha) and regression (pranayama) are the two distinct stages of the yogic path (avaroha).

"She shines brightly in her ascent; she looks like nectar in her descent," the Devigita (Chapt 10.3) says. First and foremost, the yogi, when roused by contemplative methods, leads the cosmic force.

In the shape of a tapering blaze of light, this force rests in the breath alongside the true self (jivatma). It is brought to the root-centre at the base of the spine by the Yogi. The inner quest then continues. The five gross elements of earth, water, fire, air, and ether, as well as their respective cognition organs, are found in the five psychic centers, starting with Muladhara (=earth element), Svadhisthana (=water element), Manipura (=fire element), Anahata (=air element), and Vishuddhi (=ether element). Symbols of god and action.

The sense of smell and the theory of smell (tanmatra) are related to the earth factor at the base of the spine, as well as the feet as the motion organ. Similarly, other chakras have specific associations.

The Kundalini Shakti ascends like a blazing snake on her way, bursting through vortices and untying psychic blockages that lie in the direction of the Sushumna, the subtle body's central axis. Ascension (aroha) and regression (pranayama) are the two distinct stages of the yogic path (avaroha).

"She shines brightly in her ascent; she looks like nectar in her descent," the Devigita (Chapt 10.3) says. First and foremost, the yogi, when roused by contemplative methods, leads the cosmic force.

In the shape of a tapering blaze of light, this force rests in the breath alongside the true self (jivatma). It is brought to the root-centre at the base of the spine by the Yogi. The inner quest then continues. The five gross elements of earth, water, fire, air, and ether, as well as their respective cognition organs, are found in the five psychic centres, starting with Muladhara (=earth element), Svadhisthana (=water element), Manipura (=fire element), Anahata (=air element), and Vishuddhi (=ether element). Symbols of god and action.

The sense of smell and the theory of smell (tanmatra) are related to the earth factor at the base of the spine, as well as the feet as the motion organ. Other chakras, too, have specific associations with elements and celestial categories (see figure 1.) They make up the twenty-five categories of formation when taken together (tattvasrishti).

The celestial energy's primary goal in the body is to remove and consume (layakrama) all five elements, their properties, and the associated consciousness and action organs at each psychic base.

The method of dissolving these elements into pure celestial awareness starts with each of the five elements consuming and dissolving into the next in their respective psychic centres, together with their mantras, deity reflection, and animal icons. Thus, at the Muladhara Chakra, the earth-element is incorporated into the subtle concept of scent (gandha-tanmatra), contemplating the diety with his animal symbol. The world is melted into water in the next step when meditating on Vishnu and his consort; the subtle concept of scent can be transformed into taste. The true self (jivatma), Kundalini Shakti, and the water aspect should then flow into the navel center's fire field. The yogi should think of Rudra and his Shakti, as well as the lustrous sense of vision, and absorb all of this, as well as the principle of taste (rasa-tattva), into the principle of sight/form (rupa-tattva). The yogi can then move on into the area of air at the centre of the throat. He meditates here on Isha, the air divinity and his Shakti, and absorbs the principle of seeing into the principle of touch (sparsha). And, while discussing Shiva and his consort, he meditates on the area of ether, where he absorbs the previous principle of touch into the principle of expression (vak) and the sense of hearing. The theory of expression (shabda-tattva) is then absorbed into egosense (ahamkara), egosense into mind (mahat-tattva), and mind into subtle Prakriti at the Ajna Chakra. And Prakriti into the ultimate bindu, which represents the Shiva philosophy, residing in Shiva's abode, the thousand-petalled lotus. 10

Spiritual enlightenment is commonly thought of as a journey from the gross to the subtle, but this movement is just half of the journey's total cycle. The descent of the subtle knowledge of cosmic consciousness is the other part of the inner path. The nectarine bliss of harmony at the Shivasthana, in the highest chakra, is visualised as a spray of nectar flowing down to the lower chakras from the cold rays of the moon of consciousness (citcandrika). The cyclic transition from the essence of consciousness to the mind and intellect, to the sensory organs, the earth aspect, and finally to the outside world of the senses comes to an end here.

The twin poles through which the whole period of involution and evolution of celestial energy takes place are the earth sphere, the lowest concept in the order of creation and the highest pinnacle of cosmic consciousness. The climb is called samhara-krama, and it is the first half of the path to completeness.

The Kundalini Shakti is taken back to its original resting ground at the base of the spine on the reverse journey. In the course of her descent, the current divine body is recreated.

With ambrosial nectar extracted from Shiva and Shakti's union, the energy now reverses her movement and empowers the vortices that lie in her way. This energy must be returned in the same way that she was directed upwards. She returns with a trickle of nectar that she sprinkles on each of the chakras. In other words, she infuses and inundates each psychic vortex with rasa, bursting with Shiva and Shakti's ultimate bliss of unification of consciousness. This union resurrects them and sets the stage for the flood of nectar that results from their joy. The Kundalini Shakti is referred to as the "universal vessel bearing the stream of celestial nectar (brahmandabhanda)" in this act.

In strictly psychic terminology, the journey can be translated as the unfolding of consciousness from its incipient state to the outpetalling of the soul flower. C.J. Jung has beautifully represented a visual philosophy of consciousness through the animal symbols of the psychic vortices through his long years of study into the mechanisms of the psyche. These are sometimes defined as "vehicles of consciousness."



Symbols of Animals



The fundamental elephant force that drives our atus facilitates the reconstruction of root consciousness, our chakra, aware of the Muladhara, which represents the cosmos. The earth aspect represents the earth's sustaining powers.

Kundalini energy ascends to the plane of Svadhisthana Chakra, where it meets the Makara, or Leviathan, propelled by the energy of the root support. If the elephant is the driving force, the Leviathan is the "engine that keeps you alive in the conscious world," according to Jung.

Waters, too, are essential for life to exist. Yet, as Jung points out, there is a power it obstructs that for what it is: "the greatest blessing in the waking world is the greatest curse in the unconscious." As a result, the Makara is optimistic, almost like a "dragon that devours." The aquatic energy of Makara turns into a Ram, the holy beast of Agni, or God of fire, in the next chakra, the Manipura Chakra. Ram is associated with Mars, the fiery world, which "represents impulses, impulsiveness, rashness, aggression, and all such things." It symbolises the ultimate act of love. To become mindful of one's passion on a subconscious basis is to seek its sublimation. The robust Ram is replaced in the next Anahata Chakra by a light-footed gazelle, which is also a sacrificial cow. The gazelle is portrayed as a majestic animal that is elusive, quick on its feet, light as air, and "gravity defying," rising high and resembling an eagle. From the Manipura to the Anahata, one experiences "the crossing over" to the sphere of self-recognition, a sign of "lightness of mind and emotion," the ego on its ascent. Here, one travels onto a plane where one recognises one's cosmic ability, leaving behind the mundane social and egoistic personality. This crossing over is very difficult to accept because it entails giving up one's self to the "consciousness that is at the limit." The elephant's symbol reappears in the Vishuddhi Chakra as the milky white Airavata, Indra's bearer. According to Jung, the elephant undergoes a transition, which initially took us closer to our psychic unfoldment. The elephant's blackness has transubstantiated into the purity of white, and the element earth has become ether, the psyche's explosive material. There is no animal sign at the Ajna Chakra. Instead, the chakra's corolla resembles a "winged seed," a full blinding white light perfectly aware of its celestial dimensions. The Sahasrara Chakra, the final summit, is an etheric void that is symbolless since it is "one" with cosmic consciousness.


When the channel awakens and harmonises, she pierces the twin forces. Sheasunders purifies and empowers the six Kundalini chakras by increasing the knots chakras, sharpening and empowering them with divine strength. When the Kundalini cleanses the Muladhara-chakra, which is aligned with the earth philosophy and springs from the delicate nature of smell, the aspirant is able to taste divine fragrances that are not available in everyday life. The Kundalini expands and saturates the entire body in the form of ultra-subtle pranic energy as the related centres awaken. The dreaming mind is fully overtaken by a vibratory stirring. Involuntary body motions, such as arm and leg trembling, may occur, and one may recoil into a waking state of trance sleep (yoganidra) or dive into a state of divine whirling ghurni, or be overcome by a torrent of compassion. One may adopt a variety of postures and movements on the spur of the moment (mudras and asanas). The unfolding of Kundalini Shakti is marked by many lakshanas13. Someone can be moved to write beautiful poems, sing devotional songs, or gain random awareness of some thing, person, or place. In this state, the adept loses awareness of his detachment from the celestial body, which is his own reflection, and breaks his earthly bonds in an instant.

The false sense of identification with the body vanishes and the aspirant is free of dualising thinking until the two discordant currents of the lunar (Ida) and solar (Pingala) channels become firmly harmonised in the median channel, Sushumna. He then reaches a state of samadhi, or undifferentiated immersion, on his own. The condition is a striking characteristic of the Shaiva and Shakta traditions.



Awakened Kundalini 


When the channel awakens and harmonises, she pierces the twin forces. She asunders purifies the six Kundalini chakras, increasing the knots chakras, across and the median. She sharpens and instils supernatural influence in them. When the Kundalini cleanses the Muladhara-chakra, which is aligned with the earth philosophy and springs from the delicate nature of smell, the aspirant is able to taste divine fragrances that are not available in everyday life. The Kundalini expands and saturates the entire body in the form of ultra-subtle pranic energy as the related centres awaken. The dreaming mind is fully overtaken by a vibratory stirring. Involuntary body motions, such as arm and leg trembling, may occur, and one may recoil into a waking state of trance sleep (yoganidra) or dive into a state of divine whirling ghurni, or be overcome by a torrent of compassion. One may adopt a variety of postures and movements on the spur of the moment (mudras and asanas). The unfolding of Kundalini Shakti is marked by many lakshanas13. Someone can be moved to write beautiful poems, sing devotional songs, or gain random awareness of some thing, person, or place. In this state, the adept loses awareness of his detachment from the celestial body, which is his own reflection, and breaks his earthly bonds in an instant.

The false sense of identification with the body vanishes and the aspirant is free of dualizing thinking until the two discordant currents of the lunar (Ida) and solar (Pingala) channels become firmly harmonised in the median channel, Sushumna. He then enters a state of samadhi, or undifferentiated absorption, on his own. The state of samadhi is viewed as a state of active consciousness, conscious and absolute, in which the immanent and transcendent are woven into a continuous spectrum in the Shaiva and Shakta traditions.

The yogi is supposed to undergo both internal and external extension of consciousness. In the ascending and descent of the Kundalini Shakti, he internalizes the world in the subtle body in the first step. His beatific vision of oneness openly manifests in the external universe, mediated by the senses, in the next phase. Unmilana samadhi, or feeling the joy of consciousness with open eyes14, is the term for this. The blissful and holy body is where Shiva and Shakti's artistic union is felt. The planet is not negated or abolished; rather, every atom of the universe is infused with the all-pervasive force of blissful consciousness. The cosmic play of Kundalini Shakti is maintained by the exteriorization of the referential universe into harmony and the exteriorization of bliss into the outer world.



Bibliography


1. [Mahanirvana Tantra] Tantra of the Great Liberation. Translation from the Sanskrit

with introduction and commentary. Arthur Avalon, New York: Dover Publica

tions, Inc. 1972, (reprint) Chap. 1,1-4.

2. I have mainly followed the text of Sritattvacintamani (Chapter VI) for my inte

pretation. This text has been translated by Arthur Avalon (Sir John Woodroffe

in his book The Serpent Power. Translations have been suitably revised or par

phrased. Sritattvacintamani of Purnananda. Critically edited from original man

scripts (Chapters I—XVIII) with an original commentary by Bhuvanamohan

Sankhyatirtha and (Chapters XIX-XXVI) with Notes by Chintamani

Bhattacharya. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass Publishers, 1994 (reprint), Chapter

VI, 183-210; Avalon, Arthur. The Serpent Power (Being the Sat-Chakra-nirupan

and Paduka-Pancaka. Two works on Laya-yoga. Translated from the Sanskrit

with introduction and commentary. New York: Dover Publications, 1974 (re

print); Shaktanandatarangini of Brahmananda giri. Rajanatha Tripathi (Editor).

Yogatantra granthamala Vol.. II. Varanasi: Sampurnanda Sanskrit University,

Chap. 1 and IV.

3. Shaktanandatarangini, Chap. IV.99 op.cit.; Shiva Samhita Chap V, 71.Op.cit in not

no. 5.

4. Chandogya Upanisad (VIII.l, 1-3) in Thirteen Principal Unanisads. Trans., E. Hume

London: Oxford University Press, 1975, pp. 262-263.

5. The Shiva Samhita. Trans., S. Chandra Vasu. Allahabad: Oriental Books Reprin

Corporation, 1975 (reprint), Chap. II ff.

6. Siva Sutras: The Yoga of Supreme Identity. Trans with Notes, Jaidev Singh. Delh

Motilal Banarasidass Publishers, 2000, sutra 14, p.56-57.

7. Silburu, Lilian. Kundalini: The Energy of the Depths. Albany: State University o

New York, 1988, pp. 3,161.

8. There are different models of the subtle body schema. For the model of the

body cosmos with thirteen psychic centres see: Khanna Madhu, The Subtle Body—

A Tantric Scroll, with translation, commentary and notes, Ahmedabad: Calico

Museum, 2004.

9. Khanna, Madhu. Yantra: The Tantric Symbol of Cosmic Unity. London: Thames

and Hudson, 1997 (reprint), pp.121-122.

10. Sritattvacintamani, Chap. VI, 53-54, pp. 224-227. The Serpent Power, pp. 446-47

Op. cit.

11. Sritattvacintamani Chap. VI, 54, p.226. Op.cit

12. Jung, C.G., Psychological Commentary on Kundalini Yoga, Lectures One, Two,

Three and Four, 1932 (from the Notes of Mary Foote), published in Spring, New

York, 1975-76.

13. Nigamananda, Tantrikaguru (in Hindi). Halisar: Assam Bangiya Sarasvata Matha,

1988, pp.206.ff, see also Mookerjee, Ajit. Kundalini The Arousal of the Inner En

ergy. London: Thames and Hudson, 1982, p.71 ff, has documented the process

and effects of the Kundalini experience.

14. Pratyabhijnahrdayam, The Secret of Self-Recognition. Text with English transla

tion and notes by Jaidev Singh. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass, 1963, p 103 ff; c.f.,

Siva Sutras, sutra 45, pp 231-232. Op.cit.


Taoist Medicine Wheel

 The Medicine Wheel of the Taoists





We open the underground archives of the Chinese diaspora, where the Taoist rituals are preserved, peering into the misty past to strip away the shroud of secrecy.


Secrets such as these and more were unknown and guarded until the New Age's revival. We humans are inquisitive beings who like having things demonstrated to us. We stood around fires or huddled in caves during a natural catastrophe trying to justify it until we had the tools of calculating or empirical understanding. Consider a planet where great Earth-moving and Heaven-rending phenomena like earthquakes, lightning, hurricanes, and flooding have wreaked havoc. As families formed into clans, tribes became states, and kingdoms became empires, plausible theories and myths spread and legends emerged.


According to one Taoist creation myth, the world started as an egg from which the primordial human, Pan Go, hatched. The lighter parts of the shell floated upward to form Heaven, while the heavy parts of the shell dropped to form Earth. Pan Go stood tall, arms embracing Heaven and feet stabilizing the Earth.

According to another legend, the Tao started when fire and water merged. Wu Chi, there was nothing but emptiness before that. The two facets of the cosmos that have been common buzzwords in the West over the past four decades: yin and yang, formed from the Original Source, referred to as the One.

The yang of fire entered the yin of water as lightning hit the sea, and life began. The Three Pure Ones were born from the union of yin and yang, and they gave rise to the five elements and ten thousand things.

The medicine wheel was seen by Taoist sages as a symbol of all life, including Wu Chi, the Three Pure Ones, yin and yang concepts, the five elements, the eight powers of the cosmos, the twelve Chinese zodiac power animals, and the sixty-four trigrams of the I Ching. The Taoist medicine wheel is the basis of most Chinese art, including acupuncture and herbalism, Chinese astrology and divination, Tai Chi Chuan, "the supreme ultimate" combining meditation and martial art, and the esoteric sexual practices taught to emperors by their female advisers to form the basis of Taoist alchemy: the search for immortality.

Wu Chi, the circle symbolizing emptiness or preparation, is at the center of the wheel. It can be interpreted in the therapeutic and martial arts as the blank sheet awaiting the artist's inspiration in words or pictures; in painting as the blank sheet awaiting the artist's inspiration in words or pictures; and in meditation as joining the void. It's like a spiritual theater's empty stage, waiting for the actors, words, or pictures to appear.

The next layer is the circle's interplay of yin and yang, with yin being yang and yang becoming yin, symbolising life's transition from the macrocosmic to the microcosmic alternation of wave and particle.


The yin/yang symbol contains the Three Treasures or Pure Ones: universal or celestial chi, higher-self or cosmic chi, and earth chi. The Three Pure Ones were traditionally depicted as three emperors who resided in the higher, middle, and lower tan tiens, or palaces or centers of the body. The power of shen, or spirit, binds the upper tan tien (which includes the third eye, crown, and whole head) to the universal chi. *1 The natural power of our spirit, known as chi, binds the middle tan tien to the heart and other organs. Chi is both the life force and the guiding philosophy running through all entities and creating their interconnectedness. Via the force known as ching, which provides continuity to the physical side of life, the lower tan tien (lower belly, located between the navel and the kidneys) binds the physical body, sexual energy, and Mother Earth.





The sages deduced the five elements that rule life in this earthly realm from the Three Pure Ones: fire, earth, metal, water, and wood. In the next layer of the wheel, they are represented by a pentacle.

Eight additional powers that shape human life are at work in the Taoist cosmos' rich symbology: heaven, planet, fire, water, wind, thunder, lake, and mountain. The pakua (pa means "eight," kua means "trigram"), which appeared in the pattern of the turtle or tortoise shell used in prehistoric shamanic divination, represents them.

The lines on the turtle's back were believed to be a divine map, with each side/corner of the compass diagram pointing to 1–8 (not 0–7) coded in binary. The drum and circle walking emerged from this shape, symbolizing the passage of time, from the first steps of spring to the blossoming summer, reaping life's harvest to sustain us through the autumn of retirement and the freezing winter of death.


The pakua (or bagua) depicts the universe's eight powers as eight trigrams. The trigram Kan, which is associated with the north, is placed at the bottom of the pakua, while the trigram Li, which is associated with the south, is placed at the top. The pakua's trigrams are sometimes placed in the reverse order. Opposing elements are positioned next to each other.

The twelve zodiac signs, which are based on ancient totems, reflect twelve basic personality forms. Each is aligned with one of the five elements and is either yin or yang.

As the outer circle, the eight trigrams join to form the sixty-four hexagrams of the I Ching.



You may also want to read more about Shamanism here.

Also, be sure to check out our section on Religion.







Hinduism - What Is The Day of Brahma?



In Indian cosmology, the Day of Brahma, or kalpa, is the greatest commonly acknowledged measure of time, spanning 432 million years. 

Although the cosmos undergoes recurrent renewals during this time period, it represents the final limit for the existence of the created world. 

The global dissolution (pralaya) occurs at the end of the Day of Brahma, when the created cosmos is completely dissolved and reabsorbed into Vishnu. 

The Day of Brahma is followed by a night of similar duration, during which the only living creature is the deity Vishnu, who sleeps on the back of his snake couch, Shesha, which floats on the cosmic ocean's surface. 

When the Night of Brahma is through, a lotus emerges from Vishnu's navel, which opens to show the deity Brahma, and the cosmos starts over with the new Day of Brahma. 

Two approaches may be used to split the Day of Brahma into smaller sections. 

One of them splits Brahma's Day into fourteen equal ages, each of which is distinguished by the divine ruler (Manu) who governs throughout that period. 

Another splits Brahma's Day into a thousand mahayugas, each with four constituent yugas (cosmic time units), each shorter than the previous. 



You may also want to read more about Hinduism here.

Be sure to check out my writings on religion here.



Asatru - Norse/Nordic Paganism's Worldview and Values



The ancient writings, such as the Eddas and Sagas, have a significant effect on the Nordic Pagan perspective of the world and sense of moral values, but this is not a question of slavish adherence to a set of absolute dogmas proclaimed by the ancients. 

Nordic Pagans study and reflect on ancient writings and any other material they can discover about previous Nordic beliefs and ways of life, but they delight in their freedom to rethink and retrofit old traditions to contemporary circumstances as needed. 


That is to say, Nordic Pagans, like other Reconstructionist Pagans, engage in a conversation with the past, trying to learn from it rather than copy it for the sake of the present and future. 

In this sense, they resemble the Viking explorers of 1,000 years ago, who took their ancestral gods and customs to new countries and created new civilizations that did not just replicate their old way of life, but also engaged in new and previously unimagined possibilities. 



To demonstrate the idea, a few instances of how contemporary Nordic Pagans simultaneously respect and reinterpret ancient traditions will be given. 

There are many descriptions of the old Nordic perspective of the cosmos in the Eddas and associated Old Norse literature. 


The various stories differ on certain aspects, but all agree that the Norse universe is split into several levels containing various orders of creatures, including as humans, gods, elves, dwarfs, and giants, as well as the dead, who are depicted as being separated into numerous places. 

The connection between these many worlds and their various inhabitants is not always apparent, and the explanations that are provided vary, but the basic concept of a multilevel cosmos populated by various kinds of creatures, both human and nonhuman, is constant. 


Though most faiths describe gods as eternal creatures who are immune to death, the gods of Norse mythology are associated with a tragic mortality. 


  • Three of the most renowned Norse gods die in fight against demonic opponents during Ragnarok, the cataclysmic conflict of gods and demons that destroys the universe. 
  • Odin dies battling against Fenrir, a gigantic wolf that would also eat the sun, as recounted in the poem Voluspa and elsewhere in the Eddas. 
  • The Midgard Serpent, a dragonlike creature so enormous that it encircles the whole world in its home under the sea, is a child of Loki, as is Fenrir, Thor's enemy (Midgard). 
  • Thor kills the snake, but succumbs to his wounds shortly after. Surtur (often abbreviated to Surt) is Freyr's adversary, a fire giant who defeats the god of fertility before burning the world to ashes with his conflagration sword. 
  • After the planet is completely destroyed and falls into the ocean, it rises again, fresh and fertile, with a reborn Baldur, son of Odin, as the new king of the world, followed by his brother and slayer, the blind deity Hoth. 



Few Nordic Pagans see Ragnarok as a literal prophesy of future events; rather, they regard it as a symbolic warning of the dangers of destruction if people behave irresponsibly in their interactions with one another and with nature. 


  • The death of the gods, especially Odin, is seen as a sad reflection on the inevitability of death and the necessity to live honorably and honestly until that day comes. 
  • The different worlds of humans, gods, and other beings are said to be supported and connected by the branches of a great "World Tree" known as Yggdrasil in a number of important texts, including the Eddic poems Grimnismal and Vafthrudnismal and the commentary on the Eddic poems known as the Prose Edda. 
  • The Nordic gods are believed to convene at the foot of this tree every day for their daily congress, debating and making decisions in the same way that the ancient Scandinavians did in their Thing gatherings. 


The Norns, three knowledgeable female creatures who carve runes (an old Norse alphabet used for both communication and sorcery) that direct the fates of both gods and mortals, tend to the tree. 

Most modern Nordic Pagans do not accept Norse mythology's depiction of the universe as a literal description of our world's nature, but rather see it as a symbolic expression of the existence of a higher realm of being beyond our ordinary, everyday experience, and of the interconnectedness of that higher world or worlds and our own. 



On the subject of the nature of the Norse gods, there is a broader range of opinions. 


  • Some Nordic Pagans believe the Norse gods are supernatural beings, while others see them as culturally coded symbols of important aspects of life and human nature, such as Odin representing wisdom and mystical insight, Thor representing valor, Tyr integrity, Frigg female intuition, Freyja female strength and sexuality, and so on. 
  • That is, some Nordic Pagans believe the gods are "out there," while others believe they live "in here," having existence on an imaginative, psychological level inside the minds and souls of people who pay attention to them. 
  • There are, of course, intermediate stances and alternative perspectives between these two, but these two ideas reflect most of Asatru and Heathenry's thinking regarding the nature of the gods.
  • Whatever their differing interpretations of the gods, all Nordic Pagans share the belief that the Norse mythology and associated Nordic traditions offer a cohesive set of principles on how to live in our world honorably and successfully. 
  • Although the Eddic poem Havamal (The Sayings of the High One [Odin]) offers a fair deal of pithy counsel about how to live with integrity and endure in the face of hardship, there is no final declaration of Pagan ethics in Old Norse religious and mythical literature. 


For most of its history, the farmer has been at the heart of Icelandic society, and Havamal provides something of a tough Icelandic farmer's kind of unsentimental, down-to-earth folk wisdom, whose lot was never easy in the often harsh conditions produced by Iceland's far northern climate and isolation. 


  • A man should be a friend to his buddy and return gifts with presents; laughing should be given for laughter and treachery should be repaid with lies, among other sayings (v. 42) 
  • A farm of one's own, even if little, is preferable; everyone is someone at home; a man's heart aches when he has to beg for each and every meal (v. 37) 
  • A man should be average-smart, never too wise, since he lives the greatest kind of life, he who knows a fair bit (v. 54)
  •  A prince's son should be quiet and attentive while battling, and every man should be happy and joyous till he dies (v. 15) 
  • Fire is best for men's sons, and the sight of the sun is best for a man's health, if he can retain it while living without shame (v. 68) 
  • Cattle die, relatives die, and you will die. I'm aware of one thing that never dies: each deceased man's reputation. (v. 77) 


There is no ultimate ethical ideal or desire to saintliness or moral perfection in this book, as there is in faiths like Christianity or Buddhism, but simply a simple but strong resolve to live a life of pleasure, achievement, and integrity while accepting human limits. 


  • Without rejecting the significance of the holy or supernatural, this grounded and pragmatic outlook on life is deeply humanistic. 
  • Without shying away from confrontation or protecting one's rights, one strives to be on good terms with other people, the natural world, and the supernatural world. 
  • The Sagas honor brave, astute heroes like Egill Skallagrimsson of Egils Saga, Gunnar of Hlidarend of Njals Saga, and Gisli Sursson of Gislis Saga, who persevere in the face of adversity and do not give up, even if it means death. Gudrun Osvifrsdottir of the Laxdaela Saga is an example of a stouthearted and strong-willed heroine seen in the Sagas. 

The gods' perseverance reflects their mindset as they prepare for Ragnarok's ultimate battle. 


  • Despite the fact that they are doomed to die in battle against demonic forces, they prepare diligently and put up their best effort. 
  • The idea of living a dignified life without the expectation of a miraculous redemption is fundamental to the ethics and worldview of ancient Norse literature, and it is also embraced by contemporary Nordic Paganism. 


The list of Nine Noble Virtues was created by Nordic Pagans in the United States as a quick, easy-to-remember summation of their general ethical philosophy. 


  • The Nine Noble Virtues may seem to outsiders to be a Viking counterpart of the Judeo-Christian Ten Commandments, but the number nine has mystical significance in Norse mythology

  • Nine is the, 
    • number of worlds covered by the cosmic tree Yggdrasil, 
    • number of nights Odin hangs himself on the World Tree in a Shamanistic tale spoken in Havamal, 
    • number of steps Thor takes before dying after killing the terrible Midgard Serpent. 

  • Courage, honesty, honor, loyalty, discipline, hospitality, industriousness, self-reliance, and persistence are the Nine Noble Virtues (commonly abbreviated as NNV). 

  • Edred Thorsson promotes this version; AFA founder Steven McNallen promotes an alternative list of power, bravery, joy, honor, freedom, kindred, reality, vitality, and lineage. 

  • The McNallen form of the NNV emphasizes familial lineage and ethnic identity more than the Thorsson version, although they are otherwise quite similar.


You may also want to read more about Asatru, Norse Paganism and Nordic Pagans here.


You may also want to read more about Paganism here.

Be sure to check out my writings on Religion here.


Online Resources


American Asatru Associations




Icelandic Asatru Association


Ásatrúarfelagi≥ (Asatru Fellowship of Iceland). At http://www.asatru.is.


Icelandic Photography



Statistical Information


  • Hagstofa Islands (Office of Statistics, Government of Iceland). 2004. “Ísland ítölum 2002–2003” (Iceland in Numbers). Reykjavík, Hagstofa Islands. At http://www.hagstofa.is.


Asatru Publications Available Online


  • “The Asatru Folk Assembly: Building Tribes and Waking the Spiritual Path of OurAncestors.” Available at http://www.runestone.org/